Notes on 16 U.S.C. § 1451 : US Code - Notes

Search Notes on 16 U.S.C. § 1451 : US Code - Notes

(Pub. L. 89-454, title III, Sec. 302, as added Pub. L. 92-583, Oct.
27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1280; amended Pub. L. 94-370, Sec. 2, July 26,
1976, 90 Stat. 1013; Pub. L. 96-464, Sec. 2, Oct. 17, 1980, 94
Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 101-508, title VI, Sec. 6203(a), Nov. 5, 1990,
104 Stat. 1388-300.)
AMENDMENTS
1990 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-508, Sec. 6203(a)(1), inserted
"habitat areas of the" before "coastal zone".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101-508, Sec. 6203(a)(2), inserted
"exclusive economic zone," after "territorial sea,".
Subsecs. (k) to (m). Pub. L. 101-508, Sec. 6203(a)(3), added
subsecs. (k) to (m).
1980 - Subsecs. (f) to (j). Pub. L. 96-464, Sec. 2(1), (2), added
subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (f) to (i) as (g) to
(j), respectively.
1976 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-370, Sec. 2(1), inserted
"ecological," after "recreational,".
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 94-370, Sec. 2(3), added subsec. (i).
SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 108-456, title I, Sec. 101, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat.
3630, provided that: "This title [enacting and amending provisions
set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Harmful
Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of 2004'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 104-150, Sec. 1, June 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1380, provided
that: "This Act [enacting section 1465 of this title, amending
sections 1454, 1455a, 1456a, 1456b, 1461, and 1464 of this title,
and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1454 of
this title] may be cited as the 'Coastal Zone Protection Act of
1996'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT
Section 6201 of title VI of Pub. L. 101-508 provided that: "This
subtitle [subtitle C (Secs. 6201-6217) of title VI of Pub. L. 101-
508, enacting sections 1455b, 1456c, and 1460 of this title,
amending this section and sections 1452 to 1456b, 1458, 1461, and
1464 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
this section and section 1455 of this title] may be cited as the
'Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 99-272, title VI, Sec. 6041, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 124,
provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle D (Secs. 6041-6047) of
title VI of Pub. L. 99-272, amending sections 1455, 1455a, 1456a,
1458, 1461, and 1464 of this title, repealing sections 1456c and
1460 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note
under this section] may be cited as the 'Coastal Zone Management
Reauthorization Act of 1985'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT
Section 1 of Pub. L. 96-464 provided: "That this Act [enacting
sections 1455a and 1463a of this title, amending this section and
sections 1452, 1453, 1455, 1456a, 1456b, 1458, 1461, 1462, and 1464
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
sections 1455, 1458, and 1463a of this title] may be cited as the
'Coastal Zone Management Improvement Act of 1980'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT
Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-370 provided: "That this Act [enacting
section 1511a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 1456a
to 1456c of this title, amending this section, sections 1453 to
1456 and 1457 to 1464 of this title, and section 5316 of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set
out as notes under section 1511a of Title 15 and section 1462 of
this title] may be cited as the 'Coastal Zone Management Act
Amendments of 1976'."
SHORT TITLE
Section 301 of title III of Pub. L. 89-454, as added by Pub. L.
92-583, provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter] may be
cited as the 'Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972'."
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND HYPOXIA RESEARCH AND CONTROL
Pub. L. 108-456, title I, Sec. 102, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat.
3630, provided in part that: "In developing the assessments,
reports, and plans under the amendments made by this title [see
Short Title of 2004 Amendment note above], the Task Force [Inter-
Agency Task Force on Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia] shall
consult with the coastal States, Indian tribes, local governments,
appropriate industries (including fisheries, agriculture, and
fertilizer), academic institutions, and nongovernmental
organizations with expertise in coastal zone science and
management."
Pub. L. 105-383, title VI, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3447, as
amended by Pub. L. 108-456, title I, Secs. 102-105, Dec. 10, 2004,
118 Stat. 3630-3633, provided that:
"SEC. 601. SHORT TITLE.
"This title may be cited as the 'Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia
Research and Control Act of 1998'.
"SEC. 602. FINDINGS.
"The Congress finds that -
"(1) the recent outbreak of the harmful microbe Pfiesteria
piscicida in the coastal waters of the United States is one
example of potentially harmful algal blooms composed of naturally
occurring species that reproduce explosively and that are
increasing in frequency and intensity in the Nation's coastal
waters;
"(2) other recent occurrences of harmful algal blooms include
red tides in the Gulf of Mexico and the Southeast; brown tides in
New York and Texas; ciguatera fish poisoning in Hawaii, Florida,
Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands; and shellfish
poisonings in the Gulf of Maine, the Pacific Northwest, and the
Gulf of Alaska;
"(3) in certain cases, harmful algal blooms have resulted in
fish kills, the deaths of numerous endangered West Indian
manatees, beach and shellfish bed closures, threats to public
health and safety, and concern among the public about the safety
of seafood;
"(4) according to some scientists, the factors causing or
contributing to harmful algal blooms may include excessive
nutrients in coastal waters, other forms of pollution, the
transfer of harmful species through ship ballast water, and ocean
currents;
"(5) harmful algal blooms may have been responsible for an
estimated $1,000,000,000 in economic losses during the past
decade;
"(6) harmful algal blooms and blooms of non-toxic algal species
may lead to other damaging marine conditions such as hypoxia
(reduced oxygen concentrations), which are harmful or fatal to
fish, shellfish, and benthic organisms;
"(7) according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration in the Department of Commerce, 53 percent of
United States estuaries experience hypoxia for at least part of
the year and a 7,000 square mile area in the Gulf of Mexico off
Louisiana and Texas suffers from hypoxia;
"(8) according to some scientists, a factor believed to cause
hypoxia is excessive nutrient loading into coastal waters;
"(9) there is a need to identify more workable and effective
actions to reduce nutrient loadings to coastal waters;
"(10) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
through its ongoing research, education, grant, and coastal
resource management programs, possesses a full range of
capabilities necessary to support a near and long-term
comprehensive effort to prevent, reduce, and control harmful
algal blooms and hypoxia;
"(11) funding for the research and related programs of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will aid in
improving the Nation's understanding and capabilities for
addressing the human and environmental costs associated with
harmful algal blooms and hypoxia; and
"(12) other Federal agencies such as the Environmental
Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the
National Science Foundation, along with the States, Indian
tribes, and local governments, conduct important work related to
the prevention, reduction, and control of harmful algal blooms
and hypoxia.
"SEC. 603. ASSESSMENTS.
"(a) Establishment of Inter-Agency Task Force. - The President,
through the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources of the
National Science and Technology Council, shall establish an Inter-
Agency Task Force on Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia (hereinafter
referred to as the 'Task Force'). The Task Force shall consist of
the following representatives from -
"(1) the Department of Commerce (who shall serve as Chairman of
the Task Force);
"(2) the Environmental Protection Agency;
"(3) the Department of Agriculture;
"(4) the Department of the Interior;
"(5) the Department of the Navy;
"(6) the Department of Health and Human Services;
"(7) the National Science Foundation;
"(8) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
"(9) the Food and Drug Administration;
"(10) the Office of Science and Technology Policy;
"(11) the Council on Environmental Quality; and
"(12) such other Federal agencies as the President considers
appropriate.
"(b) Assessment of Harmful Algal Blooms. -
"(1) Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment
of this title [Nov. 13, 1998], the Task Force, in cooperation
with the coastal States, Indian tribes, and local governments,
industry (including agricultural organizations), academic
institutions, and non-governmental organizations with expertise
in coastal zone management, shall complete and submit to the
Congress an assessment which examines the ecological and economic
consequences of harmful algal blooms, alternatives for reducing,
mitigating, and controlling harmful algal blooms, and the social
and economic costs and benefits of such alternatives.
"(2) The assessment shall -
"(A) identify alternatives for preventing unnecessary
duplication of effort among Federal agencies and departments
with respect to harmful algal blooms; and
"(B) provide for Federal cooperation and coordination with
and assistance to the coastal States, Indian tribes, and local
governments in the prevention, reduction, management,
mitigation, and control of harmful algal blooms and their
environmental and public health impacts.
"(c) Assessment of Hypoxia. -
"(1) Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment
of this title [Nov. 13, 1998], the Task Force, in cooperation
with the States, Indian tribes, local governments, industry,
agricultural, academic institutions, and non-governmental
organizations with expertise in watershed and coastal zone
management, shall complete and submit to the Congress an
assessment which examines the ecological and economic
consequences of hypoxia in United States coastal waters,
alternatives for reducing, mitigating, and controlling hypoxia,
and the social and economic costs and benefits of such
alternatives.
"(2) The assessment shall -
"(A) establish needs, priorities, and guidelines for a peer-
reviewed, inter-agency research program on the causes,
characteristics, and impacts of hypoxia;
"(B) identify alternatives for preventing unnecessary
duplication of effort among Federal agencies and departments
with respect to hypoxia; and
"(C) provide for Federal cooperation and coordination with
and assistance to the States, Indian tribes, and local
governments in the prevention, reduction, management,
mitigation, and control of hypoxia and its environmental
impacts.
"(d) Report to Congress on Harmful Algal Bloom Impacts. -
"(1) Development. - Not later than 12 months after the date of
enactment of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act
of 2004 [Dec. 10, 2004], the President, in consultation with the
chief executive officers of the States, shall develop and submit
to the Congress a report that describes and evaluates the
effectiveness of measures described in paragraph (2) that may be
utilized to protect environmental and public health from impacts
of harmful algal blooms. In developing the report, the President
shall consult with the Task Force, the coastal States, Indian
tribes, local governments, appropriate industries (including
fisheries, agriculture, and fertilizer), academic institutions,
and nongovernmental organizations with expertise in coastal zone
science and management, and also consider the scientific
assessments developed under this Act.
"(2) Requirements. - The report shall -
"(A) review techniques for prediction of the onset, course,
and impacts of harmful algal blooms including evaluation of
their accuracy and utility in protecting environmental and
public health and provisions for their development;
"(B) identify innovative research and development methods for
the prevention, control, and mitigation of harmful algal blooms
and provisions for their development; and
"(C) include incentive-based partnership approaches regarding
subparagraphs (A) and (B) where practicable.
"(3) Publication and opportunity for comment. - At least 90
days before submitting the report to the Congress, the President
shall cause a summary of the proposed plan to be published in the
Federal Register for a public comment period of not less than 60
days.
"(4) Federal assistance. - The Secretary of Commerce, in
coordination with the Task Force and to the extent of funds
available, shall provide for Federal cooperation with and
assistance to the coastal States, Indian tribes, and local
governments regarding the measures described in paragraph (2), as
requested.
"(e) Local and Regional Scientific Assessments. -
"(1) In general. - The Secretary of Commerce, in coordination
with the Task Force and appropriate State, Indian tribe, and
local governments, to the extent of funds available, shall
provide for local and regional scientific assessments of hypoxia
and harmful algal blooms, as requested by States, Indian tribes,
and local governments, or for affected areas as identified by the
Secretary. If the Secretary receives multiple requests, the
Secretary shall ensure, to the extent practicable, that
assessments under this subsection cover geographically and
ecologically diverse locations with significant ecological and
economic impacts from hypoxia or harmful algal blooms. The
Secretary shall establish a procedure for reviewing requests for
local and regional assessments. The Secretary shall ensure,
through consultation with Sea Grant Programs, that the findings
of the assessments are communicated to the appropriate State,
Indian tribe, and local governments, and to the general public.
"(2) Purpose. - Local and regional assessments shall examine -
"(A) the causes and ecological consequences, and the economic
cost, of hypoxia or harmful algal blooms in that area;
"(B) potential methods to prevent, control, and mitigate
hypoxia or harmful algal blooms in that area and the potential
ecological and economic costs and benefits of such methods; and
"(C) other topics the Task Force considers appropriate.
"(f) Scientific Assessment of Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms. -
(1) Not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of the
Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of 2004 [Dec. 10,
2004] the Task Force shall complete and submit to Congress a
scientific assessment of current knowledge about harmful algal
blooms in freshwater, such as the Great Lakes and upper reaches of
estuaries, including a research plan for coordinating Federal
efforts to better understand freshwater harmful algal blooms.
"(2) The freshwater harmful algal bloom scientific assessment
shall -
"(A) examine the causes and ecological consequences, and the
economic costs, of harmful algal blooms with significant effects
on freshwater, including estimations of the frequency and
occurrence of significant events;
"(B) establish priorities and guidelines for a competitive,
peer-reviewed, merit-based interagency research program, as part
of the Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB)
project, to better understand the causes, characteristics, and
impacts of harmful algal blooms in freshwater locations; and
"(C) identify ways to improve coordination and to prevent
unnecessary duplication of effort among Federal agencies and
departments with respect to research on harmful algal blooms in
freshwater locations.
"(g) Scientific Assessments of Hypoxia. - (1) Not less than once
every 5 years the Task Force shall complete and submit to the
Congress a scientific assessment of hypoxia in United States
coastal waters including the Great Lakes. The first such assessment
shall be completed not less than 24 months after the date of
enactment of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of
2004 [Dec. 10, 2004].
"(2) The assessments under this subsection shall -
"(A) examine the causes and ecological consequences, and the
economic costs, of hypoxia;
"(B) describe the potential ecological and economic costs and
benefits of possible policy and management actions for
preventing, controlling, and mitigating hypoxia;
"(C) evaluate progress made by, and the needs of, Federal
research programs on the causes, characteristics, and impacts of
hypoxia, including recommendations of how to eliminate
significant gaps in hypoxia modeling and monitoring data; and
"(D) identify ways to improve coordination and to prevent
unnecessary duplication of effort among Federal agencies and
departments with respect to research on hypoxia.
"(h) Scientific Assessments of Harmful Algal Blooms. - (1) Not
less than once every 5 years the Task Force shall complete and
submit to Congress a scientific assessment of harmful algal blooms
in United States coastal waters. The first such assessment shall be
completed not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of
the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of 2004 [Dec.
10, 2004] and shall consider only marine harmful algal blooms. All
subsequent assessments shall examine both marine and freshwater
harmful algal blooms, including those in the Great Lakes and upper
reaches of estuaries.
"(2) The assessments under this subsection shall -
"(A) examine the causes and ecological consequences, and
economic costs, of harmful algal blooms;
"(B) describe the potential ecological and economic costs and
benefits of possible actions for preventing, controlling, and
mitigating harmful algal blooms;
"(C) evaluate progress made by, and the needs of, Federal
research programs on the causes, characteristics, and impacts of
harmful algal blooms; and
"(D) identify ways to improve coordination and to prevent
unnecessary duplication of effort among Federal agencies and
departments with respect to research on harmful algal blooms.
"(i) National Scientific Research, Development, Demonstration,
and Technology Transfer Plan on Reducing Impacts From Harmful Algal
Blooms. - (1) Not later than 12 months after the date of enactment
of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of 2004 [Dec.
10, 2004], the Task Force shall develop and submit to Congress a
plan providing for a comprehensive and coordinated national
research program to develop and demonstrate prevention, control,
and mitigation methods to reduce the impacts of harmful algal
blooms on coastal ecosystems (including the Great Lakes), public
health, and the economy.
"(2) The plan shall -
"(A) establish priorities and guidelines for a competitive,
peer reviewed, merit based interagency research, development,
demonstration, and technology transfer program on methods for the
prevention, control, and mitigation of harmful algal blooms;
"(B) identify ways to improve coordination and to prevent
unnecessary duplication of effort among Federal agencies and
departments with respect to the actions described in paragraph
(1); and
"(C) include to the maximum extent practicable diverse
institutions, including Historically Black Colleges and
Universities and those serving large proportions of Hispanics,
Native Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, and other
underrepresented populations.
"(3) The Secretary of Commerce, in conjunction with other
appropriate Federal agencies, shall establish a research,
development, demonstration, and technology transfer program that
meets the priorities and guidelines established under paragraph
(2)(A). The Secretary shall ensure, through consultation with Sea
Grant Programs, that the results and findings of the program are
communicated to State, Indian tribe, and local governments, and to
the general public.
"SEC. 604. NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO HYPOXIA.
"(a) Assessment Report. - Not later than May 30, 1999, the Task
Force shall complete and submit to Congress and the President an
integrated assessment of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico
that examines: the distribution, dynamics, and causes; ecological
and economic consequences; sources and loads of nutrients
transported by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico; effects
of reducing nutrient loads; methods for reducing nutrient loads;
and the social and economic costs and benefits of such methods.
"(b) Submission of a Plan. - No later than March 30, 2000, the
President, in conjunction with the chief executive officers of the
States, shall develop and submit to Congress a plan, based on the
integrated assessment submitted under subsection (a), for reducing,
mitigating, and controlling hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
In developing such plan, the President shall consult with State,
Indian tribe, and local governments, academic, agricultural,
industry, and environmental groups and representatives. Such plan
shall include incentive-based partnership approaches. The plan
shall also include the social and economic costs and benefits of
the measures for reducing, mitigating, and controlling hypoxia. At
least 90 days before the President submits such plan to the
Congress, a summary of the proposed plan shall be published in the
Federal Register for a public comment period of not less than 60
days.
"SEC. 605. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
"There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of
Commerce for research, education, and monitoring activities related
to the prevention, reduction, and control of harmful algal blooms
and hypoxia, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, $18,250,000 for
fiscal year 2000, $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $23,500,000 for
fiscal year 2005, $24,500,000 for fiscal year 2006, $25,000,000 for
fiscal year 2007, and $25,500,000 for fiscal year 2008, to remain
available until expended. The Secretary shall consult with the
States on a regular basis regarding the development and
implementation of the activities authorized under this section. Of
such amounts for each fiscal year -
"(1) $1,500,000 for fiscal year 1999, $1,500,000 for fiscal
year 2000, $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, and $2,500,000 for
each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 may be used to enable the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to carry out
research and assessment activities, including procurement of
necessary research equipment, at research laboratories of the
National Ocean Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service;
"(2) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, $5,500,000 for fiscal
year 2000, $5,500,000 for fiscal year 2001, and $6,500,000, of
which $1,000,000 shall be used for the research program described
in section 603(f)(2)(B), for each of fiscal years 2005 through
2008 may be used to carry out the Ecology and Oceanography of
Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) project under the Coastal Ocean
Program established under section 201(c) of Public Law 102-567
[106 Stat. 4280];
"(3) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, $2,000,000 for fiscal
year 2000, $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, and $3,000,000 for
each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 may be used by the
National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration to carry out a peer-reviewed research project on
management measures that can be taken to prevent, reduce,
control, and mitigate harmful algal blooms and to carry out
section 603(d);
"(4) $5,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1999, 2000, 2001,
and $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 may be
used to carry out Federal and State annual monitoring and
analysis activities for harmful algal blooms administered by the
National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration;
"(5) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, $3,750,000 for fiscal
year 2000, $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $4,000,000 for fiscal
year 2005, $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2006, $5,500,000 for fiscal
year 2007, and $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 may be used for
activities related to research and monitoring on hypoxia by the
National Ocean Service and the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric
Research of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
and
"(6) $1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 to
carry out section 603(e).
"SEC. 606. PROTECTION OF STATES' RIGHTS.
"(a) Nothing in this title shall be interpreted to adversely
affect existing State regulatory or enforcement power which has
been granted to any State through the Clean Water Act [33 U.S.C.
1251 et seq.] or Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 [16 U.S.C.
1451 et seq.].
"(b) Nothing in this title shall be interpreted to expand the
regulatory or enforcement power of the Federal Government which has
been delegated to any State through the Clean Water Act or Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972."
FINDINGS AND PURPOSE OF COASTAL ZONE ACT REAUTHORIZATION AMENDMENTS
OF 1990
Section 6202 of Pub. L. 101-508 provided that:
"(a) Findings. - Congress finds and declares the following:
"(1) Our oceans, coastal waters, and estuaries constitute a
unique resource. The condition of the water quality in and around
the coastal areas is significantly declining. Growing human
pressures on the coastal ecosystem will continue to degrade this
resource until adequate actions and policies are implemented.
"(2) Almost one-half of our total population now lives in
coastal areas. By 2010, the coastal population will have grown
from 80,000,000 in 1960 to 127,000,000 people, an increase of
approximately 60 percent, and population density in coastal
counties will be among the highest in the Nation.
"(3) Marine resources contribute to the Nation's economic
stability. Commercial and recreational fishery activities support
an industry with an estimated value of $12,000,000,000 a year.
"(4) Wetlands play a vital role in sustaining the coastal
economy and environment. Wetlands support and nourish fishery and
marine resources. They also protect the Nation's shores from
storm and wave damage. Coastal wetlands contribute an estimated
$5,000,000,000 to the production of fish and shellfish in the
United States coastal waters. Yet, 50 percent of the Nation's
coastal wetlands have been destroyed, and more are likely to
decline in the near future.
"(5) Nonpoint source pollution is increasingly recognized as a
significant factor in coastal water degradation. In urban areas,
storm water and combined sewer overflow are linked to major
coastal problems, and in rural areas, run-off from agricultural
activities may add to coastal pollution.
"(6) Coastal planning and development control measures are
essential to protect coastal water quality, which is subject to
continued ongoing stresses. Currently, not enough is being done
to manage and protect our coastal resources.
"(7) Global warming results from the accumulation of man-made
gases, released into the atmosphere from such activities as the
burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and the production of
chlorofluorocarbons, which trap solar heat in the atmosphere and
raise temperatures worldwide. Global warming could result in
significant global sea level rise by 2050 resulting from ocean
expansion, the melting of snow and ice, and the gradual melting
of the polar ice cap. Sea level rise will result in the loss of
natural resources such as beaches, dunes, estuaries, and
wetlands, and will contribute to the salinization of drinking
water supplies. Sea level rise will also result in damage to
properties, infrastructures, and public works. There is a growing
need to plan for sea level rise.
"(8) There is a clear link between coastal water quality and
land use activities along the shore. State management programs
under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1451 et
seq.) are among the best tools for protecting coastal resources
and must play a larger role, particularly in improving coastal
zone water quality.
"(9) All coastal States should have coastal zone management
programs in place that conform to the Coastal Zone Management Act
of 1972, as amended by this Act.
"(b) Purpose. - It is the purpose of Congress in this subtitle
[see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note above] to enhance the
effectiveness of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 [16 U.S.C.
1451 et seq.] by increasing our understanding of the coastal
environment and expanding the ability of State coastal zone
management programs to address coastal environmental problems."
ESTABLISHMENT OF POSITIONS AND FIXING OF COMPENSATION BY SECRETARY
OF COMMERCE; APPOINTMENTS
Section 15(c) of Pub. L. 94-370 related to establishment and
compensation of four new positions without regard to the provisions
of chapter 51 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees,
prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99-272, title VI, Sec. 6045(3), Apr. 7,
1986, 100 Stat. 127.
TERRITORIAL SEA OF UNITED STATES
For extension of territorial sea of United States, see Proc. No.
5928, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public
Lands.