Notes on 22 U.S.C. § 1431 : US Code - Notes

Search Notes on 22 U.S.C. § 1431 : US Code - Notes

(Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, title I, Sec. 2, 62 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 87-
256, Sec. 111(a)(2), Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 538.)
AMENDMENTS
1961 - Pub. L. 87-256 repealed par. (2) which authorized an
educational exchange service to cooperate with other nations in the
interchange of persons, knowledge, and skills, in the rendering of
technical and other services, and in the interchange of
developments in the field of education, the arts, and sciences. See
section 2451 et seq. of this title.
TERMINATION OF CHAPTER
Section 1006 of act Jan. 27, 1948, provided that: "The authority
granted under this Act [this chapter] shall terminate whenever such
termination is directed by concurrent resolution of the two Houses
of the Congress."
SHORT TITLE OF 1983 AMENDMENT
For short title of Pub. L. 98-111, which enacted subchapter V-A
of this chapter, as the "Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Act", see
section 1 of Pub. L. 98-111, set out as a Short Title note under
section 1465 of this title.
SHORT TITLE OF 1973 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 93-168, Sec. 1, Nov. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 688, provided:
"That this Act [amending former section 1476 of this title] may be
cited as the 'United States Information Agency Appropriations
Authorization Act of 1973'."
SHORT TITLE
Section 1 of act Jan. 27, 1948, provided that: "This Act
[enacting this chapter] may be cited as the 'United States
Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948'."
SEPARABILITY
Section 1010 of act Jan. 27, 1948, provided that: "If any
provision of this Act [enacting this chapter] or the application of
any such provision to any person or circumstance shall be held
invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act [this chapter]
and the applicability of such provision to other persons or
circumstances shall not be affected thereby."
TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
All functions vested in the President, the Secretary of State,
the Department of State, the United States Information Agency, or
the Director thereof, under this chapter, were transferred to the
Director of the International Communication Agency by Reorg. Plan
No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(1), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out
under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1,
1978, at such time as specified by the President, except to the
extent that such functions were vested in the President under
sections 1452, 1456, and 1467 of this title. The International
Communication Agency, and the Director thereof, were redesignated
the United States Information Agency, and the Director thereof, by
section 303 of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat.
291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. United
States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of
Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and
functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and
6532 of this title.
PROMOTION OF FREE MEDIA AND OTHER AMERICAN VALUES
Pub. L. 108-458, title VII, Sec. 7108, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat.
3790, provided that:
"(a) Promotion of United States Values Through Broadcast Media. -

"(1) Findings. - Consistent with the report of the National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress
makes the following findings:
"(A) Although the United States has demonstrated and promoted
its values in defending Muslims against tyrants and criminals
in Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, this message
is neither convincingly presented nor widely understood.
"(B) If the United States does not act to vigorously define
its message in countries with predominantly Muslim populations,
the image of the United States will be defined by Islamic
extremists who seek to demonize the United States.
"(C) Recognizing that many Muslim audiences rely on satellite
television and radio, the United States Government has launched
promising initiatives in television and radio broadcasting to
the Islamic world, including Iran and Afghanistan.
"(2) Sense of congress. - It is the sense of Congress that -
"(A) the United States must do more to defend and promote its
values and ideals to the broadest possible audience in
countries with predominantly Muslim populations;
"(B) United States efforts to defend and promote these values
and ideals are beginning to ensure that accurate expressions of
these values reach large Muslim audiences and should be
robustly supported;
"(C) the United States Government could and should do more to
engage Muslim audiences in the struggle of ideas; and
"(D) the United States Government should more intensively
employ existing broadcast media in the Islamic world as part of
this engagement.
"(b) Enhancing Free and Independent Media. -
"(1) Findings. - Congress makes the following findings:
"(A) Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are
fundamental human rights.
"(B) The United States has a national interest in promoting
these freedoms by supporting free media abroad, which is
essential to the development of free and democratic societies
consistent with our own.
"(C) Free media is undermined, endangered, or nonexistent in
many repressive and transitional societies around the world,
including in Eurasia, Africa, and the Middle East.
"(D) Individuals lacking access to a plurality of free media
are vulnerable to misinformation and propaganda and are
potentially more likely to adopt anti-United States views.
"(E) Foreign governments have a responsibility to actively
and publicly discourage and rebut unprofessional and unethical
media while respecting journalistic integrity and editorial
independence.
"(2) Statement of policy. - It shall be the policy of the
United States, acting through the Secretary of State, to -
"(A) ensure that the promotion of freedom of the press and
freedom of media worldwide is a priority of United States
foreign policy and an integral component of United States
public diplomacy;
"(B) respect the journalistic integrity and editorial
independence of free media worldwide; and
"(C) ensure that widely accepted standards for professional
and ethical journalistic and editorial practices are employed
when assessing international media.
"(c) Establishment of Media Network. -
"(1) Grants for establishment of network. - The Secretary of
State shall, utilizing amounts authorized to be appropriated by
subsection (e)(2) [(d)(2)], make grants to the National Endowment
for Democracy (NED) under the National Endowment for Democracy
Act (22 U.S.C. 4411 et seq.) for utilization by the Endowment to
provide funding to a private sector group to establish and manage
a free and independent media network as specified in paragraph
(2).
"(2) Media network. - The media network established using funds
under paragraph (1) shall provide an effective forum to convene a
broad range of individuals, organizations, and governmental
participants involved in journalistic activities and the
development of free and independent media in order to -
"(A) fund a clearinghouse to collect and share information
concerning international media development and training;
"(B) improve research in the field of media assistance and
program evaluation to better inform decisions regarding funding
and program design for government and private donors;
"(C) explore the most appropriate use of existing means to
more effectively encourage the involvement of the private
sector in the field of media assistance; and
"(D) identify effective methods for the development of a free
and independent media in societies in transition.
"(d) Authorizations of Appropriations. -
"(1) In general. - There are authorized to be appropriated for
each of fiscal years 2005 and 2006, unless otherwise authorized
by Congress, such sums as may be necessary to carry out United
States Government broadcasting activities consistent with this
section under the United States Information and Educational
Exchange Act of 1948 (22 U.S.C. 1431 et seq.), the United States
International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (22 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.),
and the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (22
U.S.C. 6501 et seq.), and to carry out other activities under
this section consistent with the purposes of such Acts, unless
otherwise authorized by Congress.
"(2) Grants for media network. - In addition to the amounts
authorized to be appropriated under paragraph (1), there are
authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2005 and
2006, unless otherwise authorized by Congress, such sums as may
be necessary for grants under subsection (c)(1) for the
establishment of the media network described in subsection
(c)(2)."
CONTINUATION OF CERTAIN EXECUTIVE ORDERS, AGREEMENTS,
DETERMINATIONS, REGULATIONS, CONTRACTS, APPOINTMENTS, AND OTHER
ACTIONS
Continuation in full force and effect, and applicability to the
appropriate provisions of the Mutual Educational and Cultural
Exchange Act of 1961, set out as section 2451 et seq. of this
title, until modified or superseded by appropriate authority, of
all Executive orders, agreements, determinations, regulations,
contracts, appointments, and other actions issued, concluded, or
taken under authority of this section, see section 111(b) of Pub.
L. 87-256, set out as a note under section 2451 of this title.