42 U.S.C. § 1437a : US Code - Section 1437A: Rental payments

Search 42 U.S.C. § 1437a : US Code - Section 1437A: Rental payments

(a) Families included; rent options; minimum amount; occupancy by
police officers and over-income families
(1) Dwelling units assisted under this chapter shall be rented
only to families who are low-income families at the time of their
initial occupancy of such units. Reviews of family income shall be
made at least annually. Except as provided in paragraph (2) and
subject to the requirement under paragraph (3), a family shall pay
as rent for a dwelling unit assisted under this chapter (other than
a family assisted under section 1437f(o) or (y) of this title or
paying rent under section 1437f(c)(3)(B) (!1) of this title) the
highest of the following amounts, rounded to the nearest dollar:
(A) 30 per centum of the family's monthly adjusted income;
(B) 10 per centum of the family's monthly income; or
(C) if the family is receiving payments for welfare assistance
from a public agency and a part of such payments, adjusted in
accordance with the family's actual housing costs, is
specifically designated by such agency to meet the family's
housing costs, the portion of such payments which is so
designated.
(2) Rental payments for public housing families. -
(A) Authority for family to select. -
(i) In general. - A family residing in a public housing
dwelling shall pay as monthly rent for the unit the amount
determined under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (B),
subject to the requirement under paragraph (3) (relating to
minimum rents). Each public housing agency shall provide for
each family residing in a public housing dwelling unit owned,
assisted, or operated by the agency to elect annually whether
the rent paid by such family shall be determined under clause
(i) or (ii) of subparagraph (B). A public housing agency may
not at any time fail to provide both such rent options for any
public housing dwelling unit owned, assisted, or operated by
the agency.
(ii) Authority to retain flat and ceiling rents. -
Notwithstanding clause (i) or any other provision of law, any
public housing agency that is administering flat rents or
ceiling rents pursuant to any authority referred to in section
519(d) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of
1998 before the effective day of such Act may continue to
charge rent in accordance with such rent provisions after such
effective date, except that the agency shall provide for
families residing in public housing dwelling units owned or
operated by the agency to elect annually whether to pay rent
under such provisions or in accordance with one of the rent
options referred to in subparagraph (A).
(B) Allowable rent structures. -
(i) Flat rents. - Except as otherwise provided under this
clause, each public housing agency shall establish, for each
dwelling unit in public housing owned or operated by the
agency, a flat rental amount for the dwelling unit, which shall
-
(I) be based on the rental value of the unit, as determined
by the public housing agency; and
(II) be designed in accordance with subparagraph (D) so
that the rent structures do not create a disincentive for
continued residency in public housing by families who are
attempting to become economically self-sufficient through
employment or who have attained a level of self-sufficiency
through their own efforts.
The rental amount for a dwelling unit shall be considered to
comply with the requirements of this clause if such amount does
not exceed the actual monthly costs to the public housing
agency attributable to providing and operating the dwelling
unit. The preceding sentence may not be construed to require
establishment of rental amounts equal to or based on operating
costs or to prevent public housing agencies from developing
flat rents required under this clause in any other manner that
may comply with this clause.
(ii) Income-based rents. -
(I) In general. - The monthly rental amount determined
under this clause for a family shall be an amount, determined
by the public housing agency, that does not exceed the
greatest of the amounts (rounded to the nearest dollar)
determined under subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph
(1). This clause may not be construed to require a public
housing agency to charge a monthly rent in the maximum amount
permitted under this clause.
(II) Discretion. - Subject to the limitation on monthly
rental amount under subclause (I), a public housing agency
may, in its discretion, implement a rent structure under this
clause requiring that a portion of the rent be deposited to
an escrow or savings account, imposing ceiling rents, or
adopting income exclusions (such as those set forth in
subsection (b)(5)(B) of this section), or may establish
another reasonable rent structure or amount.
(C) Switching rent determination methods because of hardship
circumstances. - Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), in the case of
a family that has elected to pay rent in the amount determined
under subparagraph (B)(i), a public housing agency shall
immediately provide for the family to pay rent in the amount
determined under subparagraph (B)(ii) during the period for which
such election was made upon a determination that the family is
unable to pay the amount determined under subparagraph (B)(i)
because of financial hardship, including -
(i) situations in which the income of the family has
decreased because of changed circumstances, loss of (!2)
reduction of employment, death in the family, and reduction in
or loss of income or other assistance;
(ii) an increase, because of changed circumstances, in the
family's expenses for medical costs, child care,
transportation, education, or similar items; and
(iii) such other situations as may be determined by the
agency.
(D) Encouragement of self-sufficiency. - The rental policy
developed by each public housing agency shall encourage and
reward employment and economic self-sufficiency.
(E) Income reviews. - Notwithstanding the second sentence of
paragraph (1), in the case of families that are paying rent in
the amount determined under subparagraph (B)(i), the agency shall
review the income of such family not less than once every 3
years.
(3) Minimum rental amount. -
(A) Requirement. - Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this
subsection, the method for rent determination elected pursuant to
paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection by a family residing in
public housing, section 1437f(o)(2) of this title, or section
206(d) of the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983
(including paragraph (5) of such section), the following entities
shall require the following families to pay a minimum monthly
rental amount (which amount shall include any amount allowed for
utilities) of not more than $50 per month, as follows:
(i) Each public housing agency shall require the payment of
such minimum monthly rental amount, which amount shall be
determined by the agency, by -
(I) each family residing in a dwelling unit in public
housing by the agency;
(II) each family who is assisted under the certificate or
moderate rehabilitation program under section 1437f of this
title; and
(III) each family who is assisted under the voucher program
under section 1437f of this title, and the agency shall
reduce the monthly assistance payment on behalf of such
family as may be necessary to ensure payment of such minimum
monthly rental amount.
(ii) The Secretary shall require each family who is assisted
under any other program for rental assistance under section
1437f of this title to pay such minimum monthly rental amount,
which amount shall be determined by the Secretary.
(B) Exception for hardship circumstances. -
(i) In general. - Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), a public
housing agency (or the Secretary, in the case of a family
described in subparagraph (A)(ii)) shall immediately grant an
exemption from application of the minimum monthly rental under
such subparagraph to any family unable to pay such amount
because of financial hardship, which shall include situations
in which (I) the family has lost eligibility for or is awaiting
an eligibility determination for a Federal, State, or local
assistance program, including a family that includes a member
who is an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence under
the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.] who
would be entitled to public benefits but for title IV of the
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
of 1996; (II) the family would be evicted as a result of the
imposition of the minimum rent requirement under subparagraph
(A); (III) the income of the family has decreased because of
changed circumstance, including loss of employment; (IV) a
death in the family has occurred; and (V) other situations as
may be determined by the agency (or the Secretary, in the case
of a family described in subparagraph (A)(ii)).
(ii) Waiting period. - If a resident requests a hardship
exemption under this subparagraph and the public housing agency
(or the Secretary, in the case of a family described in
subparagraph (A)(ii)) reasonably determines the hardship to be
of a temporary nature, an exemption shall not be granted during
the 90-day period beginning upon the making of a request for
the exemption. A resident may not be evicted during such 90-day
period for nonpayment of rent. In such a case, if the resident
thereafter demonstrates that the financial hardship is of a
long-term basis, the agency (or the Secretary) shall
retroactively exempt the resident from the applicability of the
minimum rent requirement for such 90-day period.
(4) Occupancy by police officers. -
(A) In general. - Subject to subparagraph (B) and
notwithstanding any other provision of law, a public housing
agency may, in accordance with the public housing agency plan for
the agency, allow a police officer who is not otherwise eligible
for residence in public housing to reside in a public housing
dwelling unit. The number and location of units occupied by
police officers under this paragraph and the terms and conditions
of their tenancies shall be determined by the public housing
agency.
(B) Increased security. - A public housing agency may take the
actions authorized in subparagraph (A) only for the purpose of
increasing security for the residents of a public housing
project.
(C) Definition. - In this paragraph, the term "police officer"
means any person determined by a public housing agency to be,
during the period of residence of that person in public housing,
employed on a full-time basis as a duly licensed professional
police officer by a Federal, State, or local government or by any
agency thereof (including a public housing agency having an
accredited police force).
(5) Occupancy by over-income families in certain public housing. -

(A) Authority. - Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a
public housing agency that owns or operates less than 250 units
may, on a month-to-month basis, lease a dwelling unit in a public
housing project to an over-income family in accordance with this
paragraph, but only if there are no eligible families applying
for housing assistance from the public housing agency for that
month and the agency provides not less than 30-day public notice
of the availability of such assistance.
(B) Terms and conditions. - The number and location of dwelling
units of a public housing agency occupied under this paragraph by
over-income families, and the terms and conditions of those
tenancies, shall be determined by the public housing agency,
except that -
(i) notwithstanding paragraph (2), rent for a unit shall be
in an amount that is not less than the costs to operate the
unit;
(ii) if an eligible family applies for residence after an
over-income family moves in to the last available unit, the
over-income family shall vacate the unit in accordance with
notice of termination of tenancy provided by the agency, which
shall be provided not less than 30 days before such
termination; and
(iii) if a unit is vacant and there is no one on the waiting
list, the public housing agency may allow an over-income family
to gain immediate occupancy in the unit, while simultaneously
providing reasonable public notice and outreach with regard to
availability of the unit.
(C) Definition. - For purposes of this paragraph, the term
"over-income family" means an individual or family that is not a
low-income family at the time of initial occupancy.
(b) Definition of terms under this chapter
When used in this chapter:
(1) The term "low-income housing" means decent, safe, and
sanitary dwellings assisted under this chapter. The term "public
housing" means low-income housing, and all necessary appurtenances
thereto, assisted under this chapter other than under section 1437f
of this title. The term "public housing" includes dwelling units in
a mixed finance project that are assisted by a public housing
agency with capital or operating assistance. When used in reference
to public housing, the term "low-income housing project" or
"project" means (A) housing developed, acquired, or assisted by a
public housing agency under this chapter, and (B) the improvement
of any such housing.
(2) The term "low-income families" means those families whose
incomes do not exceed 80 per centum of the median income for the
area, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller
and larger families, except that the Secretary may establish income
ceilings higher or lower than 80 per centum of the median for the
area on the basis of the Secretary's findings that such variations
are necessary because of prevailing levels of construction costs or
unusually high or low family incomes. The term "very low-income
families" means low-income families whose incomes do not exceed 50
per centum of the median family income for the area, as determined
by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families,
except that the Secretary may establish income ceilings higher or
lower than 50 per centum of the median for the area on the basis of
the Secretary's findings that such variations are necessary because
of unusually high or low family incomes. Such ceilings shall be
established in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture for
any rural area, as defined in section 1490 of this title, taking
into account the subsidy characteristics and types of programs to
which such ceilings apply. In determining median incomes (of
persons, families, or households) for an area or establishing any
ceilings or limits based on income under this chapter, the
Secretary shall determine or establish area median incomes and
income ceilings and limits for Westchester and Rockland Counties,
in the State of New York, as if each such county were an area not
contained within the metropolitan statistical area in which it is
located. In determining such area median incomes or establishing
such income ceilings or limits for the portion of such metropolitan
statistical area that does not include Westchester or Rockland
Counties, the Secretary shall determine or establish area median
incomes and income ceilings and limits as if such portion included
Westchester and Rockland Counties. In determining areas that are
designated as difficult development areas for purposes of the low-
income housing tax credit, the Secretary shall include Westchester
and Rockland Counties, New York, in the New York City metropolitan
area.
(3) Persons and families. -
(A) Single persons. - The term "families" includes families
consisting of a single person in the case of (i) an elderly
person, (ii) a disabled person, (iii) a displaced person, (iv)
the remaining member of a tenant family, and (v) any other single
persons. In no event may any single person under clause (v) of
the first sentence be provided a housing unit assisted under this
chapter of 2 or more bedrooms.
(B) Families. - The term "families" includes families with
children and, in the cases of elderly families, near-elderly
families, and disabled families, means families whose heads (or
their spouses), or whose sole members, are elderly, near-elderly,
or persons with disabilities, respectively. The term includes, in
the cases of elderly families, near-elderly families, and
disabled families, 2 or more elderly persons, near-elderly
persons, or persons with disabilities living together, and 1 or
more such persons living with 1 or more persons determined under
the public housing agency plan to be essential to their care or
well-being.
(C) Absence of children. - The temporary absence of a child
from the home due to placement in foster care shall not be
considered in determining family composition and family size.
(D) Elderly person. - The term "elderly person" means a person
who is at least 62 years of age.
(E) Person with disabilities. - The term "person with
disabilities" means a person who -
(i) has a disability as defined in section 423 of this title,
(ii) is determined, pursuant to regulations issued by the
Secretary, to have a physical, mental, or emotional impairment
which (I) is expected to be of long-continued and indefinite
duration, (II) substantially impedes his or her ability to live
independently, and (III) is of such a nature that such ability
could be improved by more suitable housing conditions, or
(iii) has a developmental disability as defined in section
15002 of this title.
Such term shall not exclude persons who have the disease of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or any conditions arising from
the etiologic agent for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no individual shall
be considered a person with disabilities, for purposes of
eligibility for low-income housing under this subchapter, solely
on the basis of any drug or alcohol dependence. The Secretary
shall consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to
implement the preceding sentence.
(F) Displaced person. - The term "displaced person" means a
person displaced by governmental action, or a person whose
dwelling has been extensively damaged or destroyed as a result of
a disaster declared or otherwise formally recognized pursuant to
Federal disaster relief laws.
(G) Near-elderly person. - The term "near-elderly person" means
a person who is at least 50 years of age but below the age of 62.
(4) The term "income" means income from all sources of each
member of the household, as determined in accordance with criteria
prescribed by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of
Agriculture, except that any amounts not actually received by the
family and any amounts which would be eligible for exclusion under
section 1382b(a)(7) of this title may not be considered as income
under this paragraph.
(5) Adjusted income. - The term "adjusted income" means, with
respect to a family, the amount (as determined by the public
housing agency) of the income of the members of the family residing
in a dwelling unit or the persons on a lease, after any income
exclusions as follows:
(A) Mandatory exclusions. - In determining adjusted income, a
public housing agency shall exclude from the annual income of a
family the following amounts:
(i) Elderly and disabled families. - $400 for any elderly or
disabled family.
(ii) Medical expenses. - The amount by which 3 percent of the
annual family income is exceeded by the sum of -
(I) unreimbursed medical expenses of any elderly family or
disabled family;
(II) unreimbursed medical expenses of any family that is
not covered under subclause (I), except that this subclause
shall apply only to the extent approved in appropriation
Acts; and
(III) unreimbursed reasonable attendant care and auxiliary
apparatus expenses for each handicapped member of the family,
to the extent necessary to enable any member of such family
(including such handicapped member) to be employed.
(iii) Child care expenses. - Any reasonable child care
expenses necessary to enable a member of the family to be
employed or to further his or her education.
(iv) Minors, students, and persons with disabilities. - $480
for each member of the family residing in the household (other
than the head of the household or his or her spouse) who is
less than 18 years of age or is attending school or vocational
training on a full-time basis, or who is 18 years of age or
older and is a person with disabilities.
(v) Child support payments. - Any payment made by a member of
the family for the support and maintenance of any child who
does not reside in the household, except that the amount
excluded under this clause may not exceed $480 for each child
for whom such payment is made; except that this clause shall
apply only to the extent approved in appropriations Acts.
(vi) Spousal support expenses. - Any payment made by a member
of the family for the support and maintenance of any spouse or
former spouse who does not reside in the household, except that
the amount excluded under this clause shall not exceed the
lesser of (I) the amount that such family member has a legal
obligation to pay, or (II) $550 for each individual for whom
such payment is made; except that this clause shall apply only
to the extent approved in appropriations Acts.
(vii) Earned income of minors. - The amount of any earned
income of a member of the family who is not -
(I) 18 years of age or older; and
(II) the head of the household (or the spouse of the head
of the household).
(B) Permissive exclusions for public housing. - In determining
adjusted income, a public housing agency may, in the discretion
of the agency, establish exclusions from the annual income of a
family residing in a public housing dwelling unit. Such
exclusions may include the following amounts:
(i) Excessive travel expenses. - Excessive travel expenses in
an amount not to exceed $25 per family per week, for employment-
or education-related travel.
(ii) Earned income. - An amount of any earned income of the
family, established at the discretion of the public housing
agency, which may be based on -
(I) all earned income of the family,(!3)
(II) the amount earned by particular members of the family;
(III) the amount earned by families having certain
characteristics; or
(IV) the amount earned by families or members during
certain periods or from certain sources.
(iii) Others. - Such other amounts for other purposes, as the
public housing agency may establish.
(6) Public housing agency. -
(A) In general. - Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the
term "public housing agency" means any State, county,
municipality, or other governmental entity or public body (or
agency or instrumentality thereof) which is authorized to engage
in or assist in the development or operation of public housing.
(B) Section 1437f program. - For purposes of the program for
tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this title, such
term includes -
(i) a consortia of public housing agencies that the Secretary
determines has the capacity and capability to administer a
program for assistance under such section in an efficient
manner;
(ii) any other public or private nonprofit entity that, upon
the effective date under section 503(a) of the Quality Housing
and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, was administering any
program for tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this
title (as in effect before the effective date of such Act),
pursuant to a contract with the Secretary or a public housing
agency; and
(iii) with respect to any area in which no public housing
agency has been organized or where the Secretary determines
that a public housing agency is unwilling or unable to
implement a program for tenant-based assistance (!4) section
1437f of this title, or is not performing effectively -
(I) the Secretary or another public or private nonprofit
entity that by contract agrees to receive assistance amounts
under section 1437f of this title and enter into housing
assistance payments contracts with owners and perform the
other functions of public housing agency under section 1437f
of this title; or
(II) notwithstanding any provision of State or local law, a
public housing agency for another area that contracts with
the Secretary to administer a program for housing assistance
under section 1437f of this title, without regard to any
otherwise applicable limitations on its area of operation.
(7) The term "State" includes the several States, the District of
Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the territories and
possessions of the United States, and the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands.
(8) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development.
(9) Drug-related criminal activity. - The term "drug-related
criminal activity" means the illegal manufacture, sale,
distribution, use, or possession with intent to manufacture, sell,
distribute, or use, of a controlled substance (as such term is
defined in section 802 of title 21).
(10) Mixed-finance project. - The term "mixed-finance project"
means a public housing project that meets the requirements of
section 1437z-7 of this title.
(11) Public housing agency plan. - The term "public housing
agency plan" means the plan of a public housing agency prepared in
accordance with section 1437c-1 of this title.
(12) Capital fund. - The term "Capital Fund" means the fund
established under section 1437g(d) of this title.
(13) Operating fund. - The term "Operating Fund" means the fund
established under section 1437g(e) of this title.
(c) Definition of terms used in reference to public housing
When used in reference to public housing:
(1) The term "development" means any or all undertakings
necessary for planning, land acquisition, demolition, construction,
or equipment, in connection with a low-income housing project. The
term "development cost" comprises the costs incurred by a public
housing agency in such undertakings and their necessary financing
(including the payment of carrying charges), and in otherwise
carrying out the development of such project, but does not include
the costs associated with the demolition of or remediation of
environmental hazards associated with public housing units that
will not be replaced on the project site, or other extraordinary
site costs as determined by the Secretary. Construction activity in
connection with a low-income housing project may be confined to the
reconstruction, remodeling, or repair of existing buildings.
(2) The term "operation" means any or all undertakings
appropriate for management, operation, services, maintenance,
security (including the cost of security personnel), or financing
in connection with a low-income housing project. The term also
means the financing of tenant programs and services for families
residing in low-income housing projects, particularly where there
is maximum feasible participation of the tenants in the development
and operation of such tenant programs and services. As used in this
paragraph, the term "tenant programs and services" includes the
development and maintenance of tenant organizations which
participate in the management of low-income housing projects; the
training of tenants to manage and operate such projects and the
utilization of their services in project management and operation;
counseling on household management, housekeeping, budgeting, money
management, child care, and similar matters; advice as to resources
for job training and placement, education, welfare, health, and
other community services; services which are directly related to
meeting tenant needs and providing a wholesome living environment;
and referral to appropriate agencies in the community when
necessary for the provision of such services. To the maximum extent
available and appropriate, existing public and private agencies in
the community shall be used for the provision of such services.
(3) The term "acquisition cost" means the amount prudently
required to be expended by a public housing agency in acquiring
property for a low-income housing project.
(4) The term "congregate housing" means low-rent housing with
which there is connected a central dining facility where wholesome
and economical meals can be served to occupants. Expenditures
incurred by a public housing agency in the operation of a central
dining facility in connection with congregate housing (other than
the cost of providing food and service) shall be considered a cost
of operation of the project.
(5) The terms "group home" and "independent living facility" have
the meanings given such terms in section 8013(k) of this title.
(d) Disallowance of earned income from rent determinations
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the rent payable
under subsection (a) of this section by a family described in
paragraph (3) of this subsection may not be increased as a result
of the increased income due to such employment during the 12-
month period beginning on the date on which the employment is
commenced.
(2) Phase-in of rent increases
Upon the expiration of the 12-month period referred to in
paragraph (1), the rent payable by a family described in
paragraph (3) may be increased due to the continued employment of
the family member described in paragraph (3)(B), except that
during the 12-month period beginning upon such expiration the
amount of the increase may not be greater than 50 percent of the
amount of the total rent increase that would be applicable but
for this paragraph.
(3) Eligible families
A family described in this paragraph is a family -
(A) that -
(i) occupies a dwelling unit in a public housing project;
or
(ii) receives assistance under section 1437f of this title;
and
(B)(i) whose income increases as a result of employment of a
member of the family who was previously unemployed for 1 or
more years;
(ii) whose earned income increases during the participation
of a family member in any family self-sufficiency or other job
training program; or
(iii) who is or was, within 6 months, assisted under any
State program for temporary assistance for needy families
funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42
U.S.C. 601 et seq.] and whose earned income increases.
(4) Applicability
This subsection and subsection (e) of this section shall apply
beginning upon October 1, 1999, except that this subsection and
subsection (e) of this section shall apply with respect to any
family described in paragraph 3(A)(ii) (!5) only to the extent
provided in advance in appropriations Acts.
(e) Individual savings accounts
(1) In general
In lieu of a disallowance of earned income under subsection (d)
of this section, upon the request of a family that qualifies
under subsection (d) of this section, a public housing agency may
establish an individual savings account in accordance with this
subsection for that family.
(2) Deposits to account
The public housing agency shall deposit in any savings account
established under this subsection an amount equal to the total
amount that otherwise would be applied to the family's rent
payment under subsection (a) of this section as a result of
employment.
(3) Withdrawal from account
Amounts deposited in a savings account established under this
subsection may only be withdrawn by the family for the purpose of
-
(A) purchasing a home;
(B) paying education costs of family members;
(C) moving out of public or assisted housing; or
(D) paying any other expense authorized by the public housing
agency for the purpose of promoting the economic self-
sufficiency of residents of public and assisted housing.
(f) Availability of income matching information
(1) Disclosure to PHA
A public housing agency, or the owner responsible for
determining the participant's eligibility or level of benefits,
shall require any family described in paragraph (2) who receives
information regarding income, earnings, wages, or unemployment
compensation from the Department of Housing and Urban Development
pursuant to income verification procedures of the Department to
disclose such information, upon receipt of the information, to
the public housing agency that owns or operates the public
housing dwelling unit in which such family resides or that
provides the housing assistance under this chapter on behalf of
such family, as applicable, or to the owner responsible for
determining the participant's eligibility or level of benefits.
(2) Families covered
A family described in this paragraph is a family that resides
in a dwelling unit -
(A) that is a public housing dwelling unit;
(B) for which tenant-based assistance is provided under
section 1437f of this title,(!6) or
(C) for which project-based assistance is provided under
section 1437f of this title, section 1437bb (!7) of this title,
or section 811.(!7)